Igcse Chemistry Revision Notes

Measurement: The following table shows the appropriate apparatus needed for the measurement of time, temperature, mass and volume used in Experimental Chemistry. Collection Of Gases: Upward Delivery: Upward delivery is used to collect gases that are less dense than air. E.g. Hydrogen and Ammonia. Downward Delivery: Downward delivery is used …

Matter: Matter is any substance that has mass and occupies space.                                                                               …

Acids: An acid is a substance, which forms H+ ions. When dissolved in water, they can conduct electricity. E.g. HClH+     +    Cl – H+ ion is proton Acids are called proton donors as provide H+   ions   General Properties: Turns Blue Litmus Paper Red. Acid reacts with Metals to produce …

Bases: Bases are metal oxides and metal Hydroxides. A base is a a substance, that can accept H+ ions and therefore are proton acceptor. Example: Copper(II) Oxide (CuO) Iron(III) Oxide (Fe2O3) Copper (II) Hydroxide (Cu(OH)2) Iron (III) Hydroxide (Fe2O3) It reacts with an acid to give salt and water only. …

Salts: Salts are Ionic Compounds. A salt is formed when a metallic ion or an ammonium ion (NH4+) replaces one or more Hydrogen Ions of an acid. A Salt contains a positive metal ion and a negative non – metal ion. Example: Zn(OH)2   + H2SO4ZnSO4    2H2O   Water of Crystalization: …

Properties Of Ammonia: Colourless gas, with strong choking smell. It is less dense than air and reacts with hydrogen chloride gas to form a white smoke. NH3   + HCl NH4Cl This reaction can also be used, to test Ammonia. Ammonia is soluble in alkaline – reacts with acids to form …

Sulphuric Acid: It  is a colourless oily yellow liquid, with density slightly higher than water.Having a boiling point of 338°C.  It is soluble in water and emits heat when dissolved in water – exothermic in nature. Contact Process: Sulphuric Acid is manufactured using Sulphur, Air and Water. Sulphur is burned in …

Writing Ionic Equations: An ionic equation is a simplified chemical equation that shows the reactions of ionic compounds in water. Ionic compounds are those compounds, which are soluble in water. Inorder to write an ionic equation: Write the balanced chemical equation of the reaction. Include the state symbols. Identify ionic …

Homologous Series: A set of organic compounds with similar chemical properties, with a general formula and showing a gradation in physical properties as a result of increase in the size of mass of the molecule. The formula of each mwmber differs from the previous one by an extra –CH2 group …

Alkanes: Alkanes are a group of Hydro Carbons having C – C single bonds. General Formula ( Cn H2n + 2 ) Functional Formula ( C – C ) Note: As boiling point of alkanes till Butane are below 0, therefore they are in gaseous form when at Room Temperature. On …